• Over of all melanomas have activating BRAF mutations

  2021-11-09

  

  Over 50% of all melanomas have activating BRAF mutations [29] and inhibition of the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK signaling pathways is one of the most promising treatments for malignant melanoma [30]. However, studies using BRAF inhibitors have identified various feedback mechanisms to activate BRAF pathway in m

• Intestinal epithelium renewal is tightly controlled by Hedge

  2021-11-08

  

  Intestinal epithelium renewal is tightly controlled by Hedgehog genes. Three Hedgehog genes are highly conserved in mouse and human, including Sonic hedgehog (Shh), Indian hedgehog (Ihh), and Desert hedgehog (Dhh) [13]. Hedgehogs bind to Patched (PTCH) [[14], [15], [16]], which unlike conventional r

• br Conclusion and future perspectives In the setting

  2021-11-08

  

  Conclusion and future perspectives In the setting of myocardial I/R stress, HDAC activity is induced and contributes to myocardial injury. HDAC inhibition appears to protect the our from I/R injury by activating a variety of pro-survival molecular pathways. From a clinical relevance standpoint, i

• The prevalence of hepatitis C virus HCV infection in p

  2021-11-08

  

  The prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in p.C282Y homozygotes in North America is unknown. We determined the prevalence of anti-HCV antibody and HFE genotype and serum ferritin (SF) associations in non-Hispanic white participants in the Hemochromatosis and Iron Overload Screening (HEIRS

• Not all metals are susceptible of

  2021-11-08

  

  Not all metals are susceptible of being accumulated by insects. Tissue concentrations of essential metals like Cu and Zn are regulated in many insects and hence cannot be used to biomonitor metal pollution (Hare, 1992). A similar behaviour could explain the observed stability of Zn and Cu relative t

• br Future perspectives sGC signaling is important in

  2021-11-08

  

  Future perspectives sGC signaling is important in the maintenance of multiple physiological functions. sGC is localized to cell membranes with both sGC Cys modifications and heme regulation identified as the crucial components in regulating sGC activity. Specifically, S-nitrosation of several com

• FFAR is highly expressed not only

  2021-11-08

  

  FFAR1 is highly expressed not only in β cells but also in α nae inhibitor (Segerstolpe et al., 2016), which gives the interesting perspective that 20-HETE may function both as an autocrine and as a paracrine regulator of islet cell function (Figure 1A), i.e., acting in symphony with the many other

• Injury to oligodendrocyte progenitors caused in part

  2021-11-08

  

  Injury to oligodendrocyte progenitors caused in part by glutamate contributes to the pathogenesis of myelination disturbances in PVL [5]. In the immature human brain, the susceptibility of developing oligodendrocytes to hypoxia-ischemia correlates with their expression of glutamate receptors of the

• br The concept of the axo myelin synapse

  2021-11-08

  

  The concept of the axo-myelin ‘synapse’ Axons can release glutamate in a Ca+-dependent and independent manner (reviewed in [13,69]). Glutamate released from axons activates GluRs located in myelin, a feature that gave rise to the idea of the axo-myelin ‘synapse’ by analogy with classical synaptic

• br Glucose metabolism and diet Glucokinase is essential for

  2021-11-08

  

  Glucose metabolism and diet Glucokinase is essential for sensing blood glucose levels, thus controls metabolism (Iynedjian, 1993, Iynedjian, 2009, Postic et al., 2001, Agius, 2008). Loss of glucokinase activity in humans and mice leads to diabetes (Printz et al., 1993b, Postic et al., 2001, Agius

• The role of the ER EK variant

  2021-11-08

  

  The role of the ER22/23EK variant which is associated with relative resistance to GC, as shown by a reduction of transactivating capacity in vitro and less suppression of DMOG mg levels after 1mg DST in vivo. Relative GC resistance associated with the ER22/23EK polymorphism might protect from the d

• br Acknowledgments The authors would

  2021-11-08

  

  Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank principal investigator Edward John Pratt, MD (Lilly-NUS Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, Singapore) and study investigator Martha Hernandez-Illas MD (QPS-MRA) along with site staff, and trial participants and their families. We thank Zvonko Milicev

• br Results br Discussion secretase mediated

  2021-11-08

  

  Results Discussion γ-secretase-mediated proteolysis of integral membrane proteins is required for diverse biological processes (Lal and Caplan, 2011). One γ-secretase target of particular interest is Notch, as recent work has shown Notch activity to be increased in obesity and associated metab

• Regarding IAV types of hemagglutinin and

  2021-11-08

  

  Regarding IAV, 18 types of hemagglutinin and 11 types of neuraminidase were described and none of the commercialized antiviral drugs are susceptible to protect against all strains that will emerge from the animal reservoir (Webby and Webster, 2003). The strong dependencies of influenza viruses on we

• However the clinical development of

  2021-11-08

  

  However, the clinical development of was terminated in 2013 due to the concerns over liver toxicity, raising important questions regarding the long-term safety and viability of targeting GPR40 and, more specifically, about our understanding of the pharmacobiology and signaling spectrum of this rece

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